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Psychology & Developing Societies
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Psychology and Development: A Conceptual Itinerary

Arshad Zaman

Sustainable Development Policy Institute and the National Rural Support Programme in Islamabad

Riffat Moazam Zaman

Department of Psychiatry, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

This paper suggests that psychology can contribute to a better understanding of conditions prevailing in "underdeveloped" countries. To do so, however, psychologists must overcome psychology's almost exclusive focus on the individual; and economists, the tendency of their discipline to look at "developing"societies not in terms of their own experience but in terms of the experience of European-type societies. With these shifts, the paper proposes a three-point strategy: (a) "underdevelopment" should be defined not in terms of deficits of wealth and capital accumulation, but in terms of appropriately selected psychological variables (for example, by combining Hirschman's Exit-Voice- Loyalty framework with Bandura's social cognitive theory, deficits of perceived self- efficacy-at individual and collective levels—can provide a potential alternative definition); (b) an ideographic theory of "social helplessness" is then sketched" in the light of historical experience for Pakistan; and (c) the possibility of psychosocial therapeutic (or, policy) interventions are then examined with reference especially to Bandura's work on human agency and Beck's work on treatment of depression. In conclusion, the paper calls for a greater consensus on the paradigm proposed, or extensions of it, before further research takes place.

Psychology & Developing Societies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1-19 (1994)
DOI: 10.1177/097133369400600101
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